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Variant Armies

DBM to DBA Armies
(Vol. 1, Book II, -- Armies From 500 BC-499 AD)

By Bernd Lehnhoff
Translated by Mike Stelzer

The following is an English translation of the DBM to DBA army conversions done by Bernd Lehnhoff using the DBM 2.0 army lists. Elements marked "*" are historically appropriate for placement of the General. The Hordes troop type is indicated for those who use the Horde variant rule, otherwise convert to Spear or Auxilia as indicated. Note that Hordes conversions marked Ax6 and Sp8 are represented by Lehnhoff as double based elements that receive no support and cannot be supported by other units. They only count as one unit for play and victory purposes.

[ Book 1 ] [ Book 2 ] [ Book 3 ] [ Book 4 ]

  1. Republican Indian (500-321 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 6 Bw3.

  2. Northwest Mountain Indian (500-170 BC): 1 El* or LH2* or Ax3*, 2 LH2, 4 Ax3, 4 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Bd4 (Indian mercenaries)

  3. ClassicalIndian--Pre-Maurya (500-321 BC): 2 El*, 1 HCH or LCH, 1 Cv3, 2 Bd4, 5 Bw3, 1 Ps2.

  4. China--Warring States Period (475-221 BC) and Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC):

    Yue (until 333 BC): 2 HCH*, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4, 1 Bd3, 1 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (southern Barbarian), 1 Wb3 or Ps2.

    Han (until 230 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 LH2, 4 Sp4 or 4 Bd4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 2 Ps2.

    Zhao (until 228 BC): 2 HCH*, 3 LH2, 4 Bd4 or 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Ps2.

    Chu (until 223 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 3 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Wb3, 1 Ps2.

    Yan (until 222 BC) and Wei (until 225 BC): 2 HCH*, 2 LH2, 1 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Ps2.

    Qi (until 221 BC): 2 HCH*, 1 LH2, 1 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4 (crossbow or bowmen), 1 Ps2, 1 EXP.

    Qin: 1 HCH*, 1 HCH or Cv3, 2 LH2, 1 Bd4, [(before 221 BC) 4 Wb3, 2 Bw3] or [4 Bd4 or 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4] or [(after 210 BC) 2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Bw4, 3 Hd(ax6) (peasants, hurriedly armed forced labor)], 1 Ps 2.

  5. Middle Achaemenid Persian (465-405 BC): 1 LCH* or Cv3*, 1 Cv3, 2 LH2, 2 Bw4 (Persian Infantry), 1 Bw3 (archers with shield), 3 Ax3 (Persian Peltasts.), 1 Ps2, 2 Sp4 (Egyptian, Karian and/or Greek).

  6. Middle Hoplite Greece (450-211 BC):

    Athens (until 275 BC): 1 Cv3*, 6 Sp4, 2 Ax4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2.

    Theban and Boetian (until 275 BC): 1 Cv3*, 6 Sp4*, 3 Ax4, 2 Ps2.

    Sparta (until 275 BC): 8 Sp4*, 2 Ps2, 2 Ax4 or [1 Cv3, 1 Ps2 or Ax4].

    Aitolian and Phokian (until 275 BC): 2 Sp4*, 2 Sp4 or Ps2, 1 Ax4 or Ps2, 5 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2 (Atolian) or Art (Phokian).

    7. Syracusan (until 211 BC): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 1 Ax3 (Iberian or Ligurian), 3 Ps2, 1 Wb3 (Gallic).

    Tarentian (until 280 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 6 Sp4, 2 Ax4, 1 Ps2.

    Thessalian (until 321 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or Cv3, 2 Sp4, 4 Ax4, 4 Ps2.

  7. Italian, Etruscan (450-280) BC: 2 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 2 Bd4 or Sp4, 2 Ps2.

  8. Bithynian (435-74 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Ax3, 2 Ps2, [3 Ax3, 1 Ps2] or [(after 278 BC) 2 Wb3 (Galatian) or 2 Ax3, 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax3].

  9. Italian, Apulian (420-203 BC): 2 Cv3*, 8 Ax4, 2 Ps2.

  10. Italian, Bruttian (420-202 BC) and Lucanian (420-206 BC): 1 Cv3*, 8 Ax4, 1 Ax4 or Ps2, 2 Ps2.

  11. Italian, Campanian (420-340 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Ax4, 4 Ax4, 4 Sp4, 2 Ps2.

  12. Later Achaemenid Persian (405-330 BC): 1 LCH* or Cv3* [or (only 330 BC) Kn3*], 2 Cv3, 1 LH2, 1 Ax3 or LH2, 2 Sp4 (Guards, Greek, Karian, Egyptian and/or Kardakian), 2 Ps2 or [1 Exp (Scythed Chariot), 1 Ax3 or Hd(ax6)] or [(only until 333 BC) 2 Sp4], 1 Ax3 or Hd(ax6), 1 Ax3 or [(only 330 BC) Bw3 (Indian and/or Mardian)], 1 Ps2.

  13. Egyptian, 28th-30th. Dynasties (405-343 BC): [1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Ax4 (Greek Peltasts) or Ps2] or 2 Sp4, 6 Sp4*, 2 Bw4, 2 Ps2. If the General is Sp must be represented by a Greek, if General is a Cv then he can be either Greek or Egyptian.

  14. Italian, Latin (400-338 BC): 2 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 4 Ps2.

  15. Camillan Rome (400-274 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Sp4, 1 Ax4 (Italian), 3 Ps2, 1 Wwg (Anti-Elephant carts) or 1 Ps2.

  16. Gallic (400-50 BC): 2 LCH* or Cv3*, 1 Cv3, 8 Wb3, 1 Ps2.

  17. Macedonian of Philip II. (355-320 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 2 Sp4 (Hypaspists and/or Mercenaries), 2 Ax4 or Ax3, 1 Ps2.

  18. Italian, Samnite (355-272 BC): 1 Cv3*, 11 Ax4.

  19. Ariarathid Kappadokian (330-322 BC) and (300 BC - 17 ad): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 5 Ax3, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, [1 Cv3, 1 Ax3] or [(330-322 BC) 2 Sp4] or [(from 255 BC) 2 Wb4 (Galatian)].

  20. Macedonian of Alexander (328-320 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 2 Ps2, [1 Kn3 or LH2, 1 Ax3, 1 Art or El] or [(after 324 BC) 1 LH2 or Ps2, 1 Ps2, 1 Bw4 (mixed Phalanx)].

  21. Indian Maurya Dynasty (321-180 BC): 2 El*, 1 LCH, 1 Cv3, 4 Bw4, 2 Bd4, 1 Bw3 (irregular archers), 1 Ps2 or Hd(ax6) or 1 Ax3 (NW-Indian).

  22. Asiatic Early Successor (320-300 BC):

    Antigonos (until 301 BC) and Demetrios: 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 3 Ps2, [1 Kn3, 1 El or LH2] or [(Demetrios in Greece) 2 Sp4 (Athenian volunteer hoplites)] or [(Demetrios of Rhodes) 1 Wwg (Siege towers), 1 Ps2 (Pirates)].

    Eumenes (until 316 BC): 2 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 2 Ps2, [1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Cv3] or [1 El, 1 Bw3 (Indian)].

  23. Lysimachid (320-281 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ax4, 3 Ax3 (Thracian), 2 Ps2.

  24. Successors in Macedonia (320-260 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax4, 1 Ax4, 3 Ps2, 1 El or Art, 1 Ax3 or Sp4 or [(after 277 BC) Wb4 (Galatian)].

  25. Seleucid until Seleucus IV. (320-175 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 [or (from 205 BC) Kn4], 1 El or Exp (scythed Chariot), 1 LH2, 4 Pk4, 2 Ax3 or Ax4, 2 Ps2.

  26. Ptolemaic until Gabinius Expedition (320-55 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 4 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or [(after 167 BC) 1 Bd4, 1 Ps2], 1 Ax4, 1 Ax3 (Thracian or Atolian), 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or El [or (after 274 BC) Wb4 (Galatian)].

  27. Ch'iang and Ti (315 BC - 417 ad): 1 Cv3* or LH2* [or (after 304 ad) Kn4], 1 Cv3 or LH2, 8 Ax3, 2 Bw3 or Ps2.

    28. also see: China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439), and the Southern (317-589) and Northern Dynasties (385-581)

  28. Kyrenaean Greek (313-74 BC): 1 Kn3* [or (until 274 BC) LCH*], 1 Ps2 or Cv3 [or (until 274 BC) LCH], 4 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or 2 Pk4 or 2 Ax4, 4 Ps2.

  29. Nabataean Arab (312 BC - 106 ad): 1 x 3Cv* (or from 250 BC: 3Kn*), 2 x 2LH (horse archers), 1 x 4Bd, 2 x 3Ax or 2Ps (javelinmen), 2 x 3Bw or 2 Ps (or from 250 BC: 4Bw), 3 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers).

  30. Later PreIslamic Arabs (312 BC - 633 ad):

    Nomads: 2 x 2LH* (warriors), 1 x 2LH (camel scouts), 3 x 3Cm (Camel mounted warriors), 4 x 4Bd, 1 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers).

    Others: 1 x 3Cv*, 1 x 2LH (Nomads), 1 x 3Cm (Nomads), 4 x 4Bd (or, if Yemen: 4 x 3Ax), 1 x 4Bd or Hd (Ax6) (or, if Yemen: 3Ax), 2 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 2 x 2Ps (slingers and mercenary javelinmen).

  31. Bosporan (310 BC - 100 ad): 6 Kn3*, 6 Kn3 or [2 Ax4, 3 Ax3, 1 Ps2].

  32. Early Rhoxolani Sarmatian (310 BC - 100 ad): 2 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or Ps2 or Bw3, 6 Cv3, 2 Cv3 or Ps2 or Bw3, 1 LH2.

  33. Siracae, Iazyges and Later Rhoxolani Sarmatian (310 BC - 357 ad): 9 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or Ps2, 1 Kn3 or LH2.

  34. Early Armenian (300 BC - 428 ad): 2 Kn4*, 4 LH2 [or (from 220 ad) Cv3], 4 Ax3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2 or Bw3.

    35. also see: Tigranic Armenian

  35. Ancient Iberians (300 BC - 580 ad): [before 220: 2 Kn3*, 2 LH2] or [Later: 1 Kn4* or Cv3*, 3 LH2 or Cv3], 6 Ax3, 2 Ps2.

  36. Epirus, Pyrrhic (300-272 BC): 1 Kn3* [or (from 280 BC) Cv3*], 1 Cv3 (Italian or Thessalian), 1 LH2 (Tarentian or NW-Greek), 4 Pk4, 1 Ps2, 1 El, {(until 280 BC) 3 Ps2 or [2 Ps2, 1 Ax3 (NW-Greek)]} or [(280-275 BC) 1 Ps2 or Ax4, 2 Sp4 (Italian Greek)] or [(after 275 BC) 1 Ps2, 2 Wb3 (Galatian)]. General must be Cv3 after 275 BC.

  37. China, Tien and K'un-ming (295 BC - 45 ad): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Bd4, 4 Pk4, 1 Bw3 or Bw4, 1 Wb3 (southern Barbarian), 1 Ps2.

  38. Galatian (280-35 BC): 1 Cv3* or [(until 48 BC) LCH*], 2 Cv3, 6 Wb4, 2 Wb4 or [(after 48 BC) 2 Bd4 (Legionaries)], 1 Ps2.

  39. Hellenistic Greek (275-146 BC):

    Achaian: 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, [(until 208 BC) 4 Ax4, 2 Ax4 or Sp4] or [(from 208 BC) 4 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or Ax4], 2 Ps2, [1 Ps2 or Ax3 (Illyrian), 1 Ps2] or [(only 146 BC) 2 Pk4 (Slaves)].

    Atolian: 2 LH2*, 2 Ax4, 2 Ax4 or Ps2, 6 Ps2.

    Sparta: 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, [(until 225 BC) 4 Sp4, 4 Ax4] or [(after 225 BC) 6 Pk4, 2 Ax4], 2 Ps2.

  40. Carthage of the Punic Wars (275-146 BC): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or [1 Ax3 or Ax4, 1 LH2], 1 Ax3 or Ax4 [or (until 202 BC) El], 2 Wb3 or Ax4, 2 Ps2.

  41. Middle Republic Roman (275-105 BC): 2 Cv3*, 6 Bd4*, 2 Sp4*, 2 Ps2.

  42. Attalid Pergamon (263-129 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Ax4, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Art, [1 Kn3, 1 Ax4 or Ax3, 1 Ax4 or Ax3 or Ps2] or [1 Cv3, 2 Wb4 (Galatian)].

  43. Later Macedonian (260-148 BC): 2 Cv3*, 2 Pk4 or [1 LH2, 1 Wb4 (Galatian) or Ax3 (Thracian or Illyrian)], 4 Pk4, 2 Ax4, 2 Ps2.

  44. Bactrian Greek (250-130 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 Kn3, 3 LH2, [1 Cv3, 2 Kn3, 3 LH2] or [2 Pk4, 2 Ax3 or Ax4, 2 Ps2].

  45. Parthian (250 BC - 225 ad): 3 Kn4*, 5 LH2, [2 Ax3, 2 Ps2] or [1 Kn4 or (only after 216 ad) Cm3, 3 LH2].

  46. Hsiung-Nu (250 BC - 303 ad): 1 Cv3*, 6 LH2, [4 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2] or [(until 100 BC) 4 Ax3, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 (Ch'iang and Ti)] or [(Kang-chu 30 BC) 2 LH2, 1 Sp4, 1 Ps2].

    47. Also see:China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439), and the Southern (317-589) and Northern Dynasties (385-581)

  47. Iberian, Celtiberian and Lusitanian (240-20 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 5 Ax3 (Iberian or Lusitanian) or 5 Wb3 (Celtiberian), 1 Ax3 or Ps2 or (non-Lusitanian) Wb3, 4 Ps2.

    48. Also see: Sertorius Spanish

  48. Numidian and Early Moorish (215 BC - 25 ad): 6 LH2, 4 Ps2, 2 Ps2 [or (213-203 BC) 2 Ax4].

    49. Also see: Numidian under Juba I.

  49. China, Western Han-, Chin- and Eastern Han-Dynasties (206 BC - 188): 3 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [(after 150 BC) 1 Cv3, 6 LH2] or {4 Bw4 or [2 Sp4, 2 Ps2] (regular infantry), 1 Bd4, 1 Ax4, 1 Ps2}. During the Western Han-Dynastie (until 9 ad) the General may also be represented as Hch unit replacing 1 Cv3.

    50. Also see:.China, Remnant Han (189-220), Three Kingdoms (220-265) and western Ts'in (266-313)

  50. India between Maurya and Gupta Dynasties (180 BC - 306 ad): 2 El*, 1 LCH or Cv3, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2 (Sakae), 4 Bw3, 2 Bd4, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 or Wwg (Ox- or camel wagon) or EXP (Stampeding cattle or camels).

  51. Later Seleucid (175-83 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Kn4 or Cv3, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or [1 Bd4, 1 Ax4], 2 Ax4, 1 Ax4 or LH2, 2 Ps2.

  52. Tamil Indian (175 BC - 1336 ad): 2 El*, 6 x 3Wb (up to 300 AD) or 6 x 3Bd (after 300 AD), 2 x 3Bw, 1 x 2 Ps or 3Ax (wild tribesmen), 1 x 3Cv (chariots or cavlry) or 2Ps or 3Ax (more tribesmen).

    52.1 Sinhalese (175 BC - 1515 AD): 1 WWg** or El**, 1 El, 6 x 3Bw, 4 x 3Wb (up to 300 AD) or 4 x 3Bd (after 300 AD).

  53. Indian Greek (170-55 BC): 2 Cv3* (Greek and Indian), 1 LH2 (NW-Indian), 1 El, 2 Pk4, 3 Bw3 (Indian), 1 Bd3 (Indian), 1 Ax3 (NW-Indian), 1 Ps2.

  54. Maccabean Jewish (168-104 BC): 2 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, [1 LH2* or Ax3*, 2 Ax3, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2 or Hd(ax6)] or [1 Kn3*, 1 LH2*, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 4 Ax4].

  55. Commagene (163 BC - 17 ad) and (38-72): 1 Kn4*, 2 LH2, 1 LH2 or Bw3, 2 Pk4, 1 Ax4, 4 Bw3, 1 Ps2.

  56. 1st Sicilian Slave Revolt (135-132 BC): 4 Ax3*, 5 Hd(ax6), 1 Hd(ax6) or Bd3 (axmen), 2 Ps2 (Herdsmen).

  57. Kushan and Successor States (135 BC - 410 ad): 2 Kn4*, 3 LH2, [1 Kn4, 5 LH2] or [1 Kn4, 2 LH2, 1 Bd4, 1 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2 (kushan Infantry)] or [2 LH2, 2 Pk4, 1 Ax3, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 (Greek and NW-Indian)] or [1 LH2 or 2 Pk4, 1 Cv3, 2 Bw3, 1 Bd4 (Indian and Greek)].

    57.1 Hatra (126 BC - 225 AD): 1 x 4Kn* (cataphracts), 1 x 3Cm (cataphract camels), 2 x 2LH (horse archers), 1 x 4Bd (swordsmen), 2 x 3Ax or 2 Ps (javelinmen), 4 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers) (or from 100 AD: Art).

  58. Early German (115 BC - 200 ad): 1 LH2* (Tencteri) or Cv3* or Ps2, 10 Wb3* (Cherusci,Batavian) or 10 Wb4*, 1 Ps2.

    59. Also see: Revolt of Julius Civilis

  59. Mithridatic Pontic 110-47 BC: 1 Kn3 (Bosporanian, Sarmatian), 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, {(until 84 BC) 1Exp (scythed Chariot) or Ps2 or Wb4, 2 Pk4, 2 Pk4 or [(only 86 BC) 1 Bd4 (Italian Deserters), 1 Ax3 or Ps2], 1 Ps2} or [(after 84 BC) 4 Bd4, 2 Ps2], 2 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ax3 or Ax4 or Wb4 (Galatian) or [(after 63 BC) Exp (scythed Chariot)].

  60. Marian Roman (105-25 BC): 2 Cv3*, 8 Bd4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2 or Ax3.

  61. Early Hasmonean Jewish (103-63 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 LH2, 4 Ax4, 1 Ax4 or Hd(ax6), 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 3 Ps2.

  62. 2nd Sicilian Slave Revolt (103-99 BC): 1 Cv3*, 2 Bd4, 4 Hd(ax6), 2 Ps2 (Herdsmen), 1 Ax3 (Bandit) or LH2.

  63. Tigranic Armenian (83-69 BC): 2 Kn4*, 3 LH2, 2 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Pk4, 1 Bd4, 1 Hd(ax6).

  64. Sertorius Spanish (80-72 BC): 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or Cv3, 2 Bd4, [2 Bd4 or 2 Ax4, 3 Ax3 (Iberian/Lusitanian), 1 Wb3 or Ps2] or [2 Bd4 or 2 Wb3, 3 Wb3 (Celtiberian), 1 Ax3 or Ps2], 2 Ps2.

  65. Revolt of Spartacus (74-72 BC): 1 Cv3* or Wb3 (Gallic) or Wb4 (German), 4 Bd4*, 6 Hd(ax6), 1 Ps2 (Herdsmen).

  66. Late Hasmonean and Herodian Jewish (63 BC - 6 ad): 1 Kn3* or Ax4*, 2 Ax3 (Bandits) or [1 LH2, 1 Cv3 or LH2], 3 Ax4, 2 Ps2 or Bw3, 2 Ps2, 2 Hd(ax6) or [1 Ax4, 1 Ps2].

  67. Dacian (60 BC - 106 ad): 1 LH2*, 6 Wb3*, 1 Bd3*, 3 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or 1 Kn3 (Sarmatian).

  68. Ancient British (55 BC - 75 ad): 2 LCH*, 1 LH2, 6 Wb3, 3 Ps2.

  69. Scots-Irish (55 BC - 846 ad): 2 Wb3* [or (before 432 ad) 2 LCH*], 10 Wb3, 2 Ps2.

  70. Numidian under Juba I. (55(?)-46 BC): 1 Cv3* (gallic and spanish bodyguard), 4 LH2, 1 El, 2 Bd4 (Legionaries), 4 Ps2.

  71. Later Ptolomaic (54-30 BC): 1 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Pk4, 2 Bd4, 2 Ax4 (Cilician and Syrian), 2 Ps2, 2 Hd(ax6) (Mob).

    71.1 Emesa (51 BC - 72 AD): 1 x 4Kn* (cataphracts), 1 x 4Ax (guards), 2 x 2LH (horse archers), 1 x 4Bd (swordsmen), 2 x 3Ax or 2 Ps (javelinmen), 4 x 3Bw or 2Ps (archers), 1 x 2Ps (slingers).

  72. Blemmye or Beja (30 BC - 1500 ad): 2 Cv3*, 8 Bw3 or Ps2, 2 Ax3. After 200 ad can exchange infantry on an even basis for Cm3, one infantry can be exchanged for one LH element (camel mounted).

  73. Nobades (30 BC - 1500 ad): 3 Cv3*, 6 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ax3, 2 Sp4 or 2 Wb3. After 200 AD can exchange two infantry elements for two Cm3. This list can also be used for the Blemmyer, exchanging in 240 AD as the Niltal.

  74. Early Imperial Roman (25 BC - 193 ad): 2 Cv3*, 4 Bd4*, 1 Bd4 or Ax4 or Wb3, 3 Ax4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or LH2 (Numidian).

  75. Later Moorish (25-696): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 5 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 3 Ps2, 2 Ps2 or Hd(ax6).

  76. Alan (50-1500): 3 Kn3*, 6 LH2, [1 Kn3, 2 LH2] or [2 Bd3 (Axmen), 1 Ps2].

  77. Jewish Revolts 66-70 and 132-135: 3 Wb3* (Zealots) or [1 Ax4*, 1 Wb3 or (only 66-70) Cv3, 1 Hd(ax6)], 3 Ps2, 4 Hd(ax6) or Ax3, 1 Hd(ax6).

  78. Revolt of Julius Civilis (69/70): 2 Cv3*, 4 Wb3*, 2 Wb4 or Wb3, 2 Ax4 (Batavian Auxilia), 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Bd4 (Legionaries).

  79. Caledonian (75-211): 2 LCH*, 8 Wb3, 2 Wb3 or Ps2.

  80. Hsien Pi (90-337): 2 Cv3*, 9 LH2, 1 Ps2 or LH2.

    81. Also see:China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439), and the Southern (317-589) and Northern Dynasties (385-581)

  81. Abyssinian and Horn of Africa (100-1529): 1 El* or Cv3*, 2 LH2, 6 Wb3, 1 Bd3 or Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Bw3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.

  82. Vietnam (136-938): 1 Cv3* [or (from 248) El*], 2 Sp4, 2 Bw4 or Ps2, 4 Wb3, 2 Bw3, 1 Ps2.

  83. China, Remnant Han (189-220), Three Kingdoms (220-265) and western Ts'in (266-313):

    North China: 2 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [3 Sp4, 1 Sp4 or Bd3 or Bd4] or [(only 211) 4 Pk4], 2 Bw4, 1 Ax4, 1 Ps2.

    South China: 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4, 2 Bw4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ax4, 1 Wb3 or Bd3 or Bd4.

  84. Middle Imperial Roman (193-324): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2 or Bd4 or Ax4, 4 Bd4, 4 Ax4, 1 Bw3 or Ps2 or (from 275 in East or 312 in the army of Maxentius) Kn4 (Clibanarier).

  85. Early Goth (200-493):

    Early Visigoth (200-419): see Vandals (200-442).

    Early Ostrogoths (200-493): see Herul, Sciri and Taifali (200-493 AD).

    Early Gothic New Armies (about 200-280): (1 Kn3*, 1 Ps2) or 2 Wb4*, 8 Wb4, 2 Ps2.

    86. Later Gothic Armies (about 280 AD until settling of Visigoths in Spain in 419 AD or until the invasion of Italy by the Ostrogoths in 493 AD): 2 Kn3*, 2 Cv3 or 2 Sp4 [or (only Ostrogoths after 454) 2 Kn3], 4 Sp4, 2 Sp4 or Ps2 [or (only Visigoths after 388) Hd(ax6) (dissatisfied Roman provincials)], 2 Ps2.

  86. Vandal (200-442 AD): 1 Kn3*, 10 Wb4, 1 Ps2.

  87. Herul, Sciri and Taifali (200-493 AD): 8 Kn3*, 4 Ps2.

  88. Pictish (211-846 AD): (before 500) 1 LCH* or (from 500) 1 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 6 Ax3, 2 Ps2, 1 LH2 or Ps2 or (before 500) Wb3 (Caledonian and/or Attecotti), 1 Ps2 or (before 500) Wb3.

  89. Sassanid Persian until Chosroes I. (220-531 AD): 4 Cv3*, 2 Cv3 or (before 400) Kn4, 2 LH2, 2 Hd(sp8), 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or El.

  90. Burgundi (250-534 AD), Early Frankish (250-496), Alemannic (250-496), Suevi (250-584), Rugian (250-487) or Turcilingi (250-493): 1 Cv3* or Ps2, 10 Wb4*, 1 Ps2.

  91. Gepid (250-566 AD): 4 Kn3*, 8 Kn3 or [4 Wb4, 2 Ps2 or 2 Bw3, 2 Kn3 or 2 Ps2 or 2 Bw3].

  92. Old Saxon (250-804 AD), Frisian (250-690 AD), Bavarian (250-788 AD), Thuringian (250-531 AD) or Early Anglo-Saxon (about 428-640 AD): 10 Wb4*, 1 Wb4 or Hd(ax6), 1 Wb4 or Ps2.

  93. Palmyran (260-273 AD): 3 Kn4*, 1 Cm3*, 1 Cm3 or Kn4, 2 LH2, [1 Bd4 or Ax4 armored infantry), 1 Ps2] or [1 LH2, 1 Bw4] or [1 Bd4, 1 Ax4 (Roman)], 3 Bw4.

  94. Korea, Koguryo (300-662 AD): 2 Kn4*, 2 LH2, [4 Sp4, 4 Ps2] or [6 Bw4, 2 Ps2].

  95. Korea, Paekche and Kaya (300-660 AD): 2 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [4 Sp4, 4 Ps2] or [6 Bw4, 2 Ps2].

  96. Korea, Silla (300-935 AD): 2 Cv3*, 1 LH2, 2 Pk4, [4 Sp4, 2 Ps2] or 6 Bw4, 1 Ps2.

  97. China, Period of 16 Northern States (304-439 AD), and the Southern (317-589 AD) and Northern Dynasties (385-581 AD):

    Hsiung-Nu State (304-431 AD): 1 Kn4* or Cv3*, 5 LH2, 1 LH2 or Ps2, 5 LH2 or [4 Ax3, 1 Ps2 or Bw3 (Ch'iang and Ti)].

    Early Chin (352-394 AD): 1 Kn4* or Cv3* or LH2*, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 2 Hd(sp8) (Chinese Levy Spearmen), 2 Bw4 (Chinese Levy Crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Chinese Levy Archers), 4 Ax3, 1 Ps2 (Ch'iang and Ti).

    Hsien Pi State (except Wei) from 337: 2 Cv3*, 5 LH2, 5 LH2 or [2 Sp4 (Chinese Spearmen), 2 Bw4 (Chinese Crossbowmen), 1 Ps2 (Chinese Psiloi) or LH2].

    Northern Dynasties: 2 Kn4* or 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 2 LH2, 3 Sp4 or Bd4, 3 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Art or Sp4 or Bd3 or Bd4 or Bw4.

    Southern Dynasties: 1 Kn4* or Kn3, 1 Cv3, 1 LH2, 4 Sp4 or Bd4, 4 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 El or Art or Bd3 or Bd4 or Wb3 (Southern Barbarians).

  98. Late Western Imperial Rome until Eugenius (307-394): 2 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or LH2 or (until 351) Kn3, 4 Bd4, 2 Bd4 or Ax4, [2 Bd4, 1 Ps2 or Art] or [(only Africa) 2 Ps2, 1 LH2 (mounted archers)].

  99. Gupta Indian (320-545): 1 Cv3*, 2 El*, 1 LCH or Bw3, 1 LH2 (mounted bowmen), 5 Bw3, 2 Bd3.

  100. Late Eastern Imperial Rome until Valens (324-378): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or (from 338) Kn4 or (from 351) Kn3, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 LH2, 4 Bd4, 2 Bd4 or Ax4, 1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ax4 or Ps2.

  101. Hun (374-559): 1 Cv3* or LH2*, 5 LH2, 6 LH2 or [(under Attila 433-453) 1 Kn3, 4 Wb4, 1 Ps2].

  102. Japan, Emishi (375-811): 12 Bw3* or Ps2*.

    103. (Note: After getting information from a wargamer in Japan that all Emishi should be LH, this list could change in the future.)

  103. Early Japan (375-599 AD): 1 Cv3*, 2 Bw3*, 8 Sp4, 1 Ps2.

  104. Eastern Roman until Anastasius I. (379-491 AD): 2 Cv3*, 1 Kn4 or Kn3, 1 Kn3 (Foederati), 1 Cv3 or LH2, 1 LH2, 2 Bd4, 2 Bd4 or 2 Wb4 (Foederati) or (after 467) 2 Ax3 (Isaurian), 1 Bw4 or Ps2, 1 Ps2 or (until 399) Hd(ax6) (political factions, peasants or religious fanatics).

  105. Patrician Roman (395-493 AD): 1 Cv3*, 1 Cv3 or Kn3, 1 Kn3, 1 LH2, 2 Bd4, 4 Wb4 (Foederati), 1 Bd4 or Ax4 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.

  106. Sub-Roman British (407-945 AD): 1 Cv3* or (475-539) Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 4 Ax3, 4 Ax3 or Sp4, 1 Ax3 or LH2 or (before 580) Wb3 (Irish mercenaries), 1 Ps2.

  107. Visigoths in Gaul and Spain (419-711 AD): 1 Kn3*, 2 Cv3, 1 Cv3 or LH2, 6 Sp4 or (until 621) 6 Wb4, 2 Ps2. The option for the Wb4 corresponds to the traditional view of the Visigoth armies.

  108. Vandals in Africa (442-535 AD): 11 Kn3*, 1 Kn3 or (until 500) LH2 (Alan).

  109. Early Slavic (476-829 AD): 1 Ax3* or (after 580) Cv3*, 8 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 2 Ps2.

  110. Early Lombards (489-584 AD): 4 Kn3*, [2 Kn3, 2 Kn3 or (before 568) 2 Wb4] or [2 Cv3, 2 Cv3 or (before 568) 2 Wb4] (retinues), 4 Ps2 or Bw3.

  111. Ostrogoth and Rugian in Italy (493-561 AD): 4 Kn3*, 2 Kn3 or 2 Sp4, 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Bw3 (archers with Pavise), 3 Ps2.

  112. Early Byzantine (491-578 AD):

    113. Eastern Armies: 1 Kn3, 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, 2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ax3, 1 Ax3 or Ps2, 1 Ps2.

    Narses: 2 Kn3 or Sp4 (Lombard, Herul etc.), 1 Kn3 or Sp4 or Cv3 or Bw4, 1 Cv3*, 2 Cv3 or Bw4, 2 LH2, 2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ps2, 1 Ps2 or Ax3.

    Other Western Armies(i.e. Belisarius): 1 Kn3, 4 Cv3*, 2 LH2, [3 Cv3, 2 LH2] or [2 Bd4 or 2 Sp4, 1 Ax3, 2 Ps2].

  113. Middle Frankish (496-639):

    Whole Nation (until 561 AD) or Austrian (from 562 AD): 1 Kn3*, 10 Wb4, 1 Ps2.

    Neustrian (from 562 AD): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3, 2 Wb4 (Saxon or Frankish) or 2 Sp4, 6 Sp4, 1 Ps2.

    Aquitanian (from 507 AD): 2 Kn3*, 1 Cv3 or Kn3, 8 Sp4, 1 Ps2 or Wb4 or LH2 (Basque or Breton).

    Burgundian (from 532 AD): 3 Cv3* or 3 Kn3*, 8 Wb4, 1 Ps2.

    Provence (from 535 AD): 2 Cv3*, 8 Sp4, 2 Ps2.

[ Book 1 ] [ Book 2 ] [ Book 3 ] [ Book 4 ]

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Last Updated: July 17, 1999

Questions, comments, suggestions welcome. Send them to Chris Brantley at brant@erols.com.